Mechanically everything is identical for the most part (but one of the other guys may chime in with a specific part that is slightly different). Any change between 2011 and 2012 can probably be brought in with a reflash of the TCU configuration. There were definitely no "game changers" across any of the years that I am aware of - unless you consider things like RainSense wipers to be a game changer. And for some it WAS a consideration - RainSense wipers is one of the reasons I bought a new 2012 back in 2012 instead of a 2011 off the lot at a reduced price. There are a few other differences like color options and such.
There's a thread out here somewhere the details ALL of the variances across model years - if you can track that down or someone can post a link to it, you'll have what you need to look at used examples across the spectrum. It'll show you what changes were made year-to-year. The thread on this forum is way better than any GM site information as it would include subtle items that GM/Cadillac isn't likely to mention in a model year comparison chart. Such things as the fact that some models designated for export to extremely hot climates like the middle east came from the factory with a pump, radiator, and cooling system for the rear differential, while models bound for the US got nothing. This diff cooler setup alone can be a $1200-$1500 option depending on what you specify. These are available from vendors on this forum, too. But - and this is JUST for the sake of example - you were looking at buying a car from a forum member who got his car overseas and imported it here to the US...you would want to be aware of little things like this.
There ARE a few small things worth mentioning - like models built after around Feb or early March of 2014 got a revised supercharger design that includes the now infamous solid isolator coupling. Ask anyone who's been on this forum for a while and they will tell you that the solid isolator IS a game changer in some strange way. In and of itself it's not going to revolutionize what you think of the car or how it performs, but the saga and story behind it is interesting to say the least LOL! Then there's the usual list of gotchas you need to be aware of - the list is small but worth knowing. Things like the rear diff groan/whine, the isolator coupling, the "Rocking Chair Recaros", and of course, the Wheel Click.